How is "ground effect" best described?

Ground effect is a phenomenon that occurs when an aircraft is flying close to the ground, typically within a wingspan's distance from the surface. In this proximity, the airflow around the wings is altered, leading to a significant increase in lift and a reduction in drag. This effect is caused by the interference of the ground with the airflow patterns that develop over the wings.

When an aircraft approaches the ground, the air pressure builds up beneath the wings, which enhances lift while simultaneously reducing the induced drag that typically occurs at higher altitudes. This allows the aircraft to achieve better performance during critical phases of flight, such as landing and takeoff, making the transition between these phases smoother and safer. Understanding ground effect is crucial for pilots during takeoff and landing to manage the aircraft's performance and ensure safe operations.